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Networking Basics

8. IP Addressing and Subnetting Part 3

I have here the three networks that we used in our previous example. 192, 106, 81024, 192, 1680, 00:23, 192, 168. We have the 24, the 23, and the 30. This is what we call the prefix. Now, while prefix is useful, it is not used when configuring our network or IP address on the host or other network devices. What we use is a net mask. Now, before we talk about Net Mask and how to configure it, we're going to provide you an additional reference. What is the reference? Well, what I'm going to do first is add an opted, and opted has eight bits. If I set all eight bits to all ones, we have a value of what happens if I set the first bit to zero; the value will become 254. What if I set the value of the second octet to zero? The value will become two, five, two. What if I set the third object to a value of zero and we only have five bits set to one? The value will be two, four, eight. What if I set the value of the fourth octet to zero? The value will become 40. What if I set this bit to a value of zero? It will be two to four. But if I set the six bits to zero, it will be 192. And if I set the 7th bit to zero, and this is the same as our previous reference, this will be one, two, eight. Now, if we go back to our network, when we say Net Mask, we identify the network, and the bits of the network will be set to all ones. Now, this is pretty easy because we know our network consists of these three objects. When we say three objects, the entire object is set to one that is already equivalent to two five five. So I'm just going to convert this to the Net Mask by converting two five-five to an octet that is already in use as a network. So the first octet is a network. The second optet is a networkas well as the third opted. Now, we know that the fourth option is under host, so we will use zero. Now, if we convert from IEEE 23 to Netmask, it would be the same but a little more difficult. We will use 25525 five for the first and second object. How about the third object? Well, we are using seven bits because again, we borrowed one bit from the network to host; we're using seven bits. And as you can see here in our reference, if we use seven bits and set it to once from the second bit to the 8th bit, our value would be 254, and the fourth opted will be zero. How about this example? Well, if I'm going to just apply our technique, this is already a network. This is networked. This is networked. So we will just use two fives for the first, second, and third octave. The question now will be used for the Ford Octet. Okay, we borrowed six bits for the host side. If we count 12345 six, we are going to use two two.So this will be our Net Mask 424, 23, and 30. Now, in our configuration, we'll sign a network and an IP address later on our F-5 VIP IPdevice. We will use 170.2160 00:16. And this is a Class B private network. The net mask will be 255,525 bits.

9. IP Addressing and Subnetting Part 4

Broadcast versus multicast vs. unicast versus anycast What I have here are two different networks. 192, 168, ten 00:25, and four in VLAN 10. I also have 192, 160, and 811 00:24 in VLAN Eleven. Now, for our previous discussion, broadcast is a type of traffic that is sent to all hosts in a network. So in this case, we have a broadcast of 192, 168, 1025. This is sent to all hosts in this network. So the first, the second, the third, and the fourth PC will receive this broadcast traffic. Now, there's also another type of broadcast. This is what we call, by the way, a network broadcast. We have what we call the global broadcast. And this global broadcast is using a different IP. It's all 25 fights on all four of them. And the difference is the global broadcast of traffic to all hosts, whether you're using only one VLAN or multiple VLANs. So in this case, it's not only these guys who are receiving the broadcast, but also this host, who resides in a different network 192, 160, 8110 in Villan Eleven.Now, we also have multicast. Multicast is similar to broadcast in that it sends traffic to multiple hosts. But this time, it is not sent to all hosts, but only to a group of hosts. I'm going to erase this and I'm going to create our multicast group. This is our multicast group. And let's say we have another device here. We have a router, and the router sends multicast traffic to the group. So this is received by the host one, the host two, and the host three in a network. 192, 160, 8110. Now, how about this host? Well, he doesn't belong in a multicast group, so he's not receiving any multicast traffic. Okay, how about Unicast? Well, unicast is the simple form of IP communication where a single host sends traffic to another host. And unicast can be as simple as surfing the web. If you visit a website, this is already a form of Unicast. Some unique houses are also a form of response from a broadcast or multicast. Let's say these three servers receive a multicast group. And then this one server here sends a reply back to a router. This is also considered as unicast traffic. How about any casts? Well, AnyCast is also a group of hosts, but it's a little different. Because this group of hosts may reside on a different network, it can also reside in a different geographical location. So I'm going to add here the third host, and I will add the cloud that connects all these three hosts. Let me revise it. There you go. I will also add a client here that is connected to the cloud. and I will group these three hosts. Okay, these are Anycast groups, and we already have a client here. And if the client sends multicast traffic, these three hosts will share the destination. So unlike broadcast or multicast, anycast shares a single destination. There's one more thing about anycast: all these three hosts receive the request, but there's only one that will reply back to the sender. And this is the host that is closest to the sender.

10. IP Addressing and Subnetting Part 5

IP Address An IP address is the logical address that is assigned to hosts such as PCs, servers, and even wireless devices. This can also be assigned to a network or security appliance. For network appliances, this can be more than one IP address, especially for layer-three devices. It is a unique identifier that represents viahost in our network, and it is part of the packet header or IP version of the packet because we have a source and destination IP address inside the packet. Take note that in our layer three of the OSI model, also known as the network layer, a packet is the transmission unit. It consists of two parts. We have the network ID that identifies the network of which the IP is part of.This is routed. It is used by routers to maintain routing information. We also have hosts. This identifies individual hosts, and this is assigned by organisation to individual devices. Think of the network as a street name or a street ID, while the house is analogous to a house number. Okay, take note. In the street, we have houses, and the number of houses is 12345, and so forth. While the street name should be unique, you can see the number of houses, like one to 100, on most of the streets, while the street names should not be duplicated. The smell of binary conversion We've already talked about this using the whiteboard. But in this example we use up to four bits, where the first bit is zero, also known as the zero decimal value. As we increase the decimal value, we add more bits for two and three. It has two bits, but if we go to four, we add the third bit. Seven is set to all at once, but moving to eight gives us our four bits. Okay, the last value for the four-bit binary would be 15, where all four bits are set to once. This is also the reference we used earlier. We have one, two, and eight if the eight bit is set to 164 and the seven bit is set to one. Now, this is useful if we want to know the binary value of our particular decimal value. For example, this is 192, and 192 is 128 plus 64. That means that if I convert it to binary, all I have to do is set the eight and seven to one, and the range is zero. Okay, now we have different types of IP addresses. We have different classes such as A, B, and C. We also have class, which is a special one. This is the ten-digit range (05255) in Class A. Class A is always eight, and the first opted is always ten. The first opted is always 172, but the second offset ranges from 16 to 31, and class B is 16. Okay, because the first value is 002-2525. Five, third, and fourth objects C are the ones we used in our previous examples, where the first two optets are always 192 and 168 and the third offset ranges from dot zero to 25 five. And the last option is the host IP address, which also ranges from zero to two five five. Class C is always 24. Public IP Address: These are the IP addresses that are used in our public networks, such as the Internet. Take those. Private IP addresses are very common in our home or in our office, in our internal network—either our home base, a branch office, or even an enterprise network. and this is also known as RFC. Public IP Address these are therange outside the public IP address. These are the ranges outside the private IP address. And as I mentioned, this is routable to the Internet. And these are the IP addresses used by websites that are available publicly. Now, other IP addresses have class D. If you see an IP address that starts from two two four to two three nine, first octave, this is considered a multicast IP address. Class E ranges from 240 to 255. These are reserved, special IP addresses. If you see an IP address that starts with the first of seven, this is what we call a lowback address. And this is used to test our local device—our local server, for example. Okay, you can ping it or you can use it to test a specific application. We also have all 25525 five.This is global broadcast IP version six. Now, I'm not a big fan of IP version six. Why? Because 20 or 15 years ago, many people predicted that IP version six would not be ready because IP version four was insufficient and we were nearly exhausted. Sooner or later, all of our websites or public IP addresses will be converted to IP version six. Now, it's already the year 2020, and as far as I'm concerned, our websites or all of the pages and applications that we access on the World Wide Web are still using private IP addresses. Not only that, even if we use IP version six in our public network and in our private network, whether it's an enterprise network or in our data center, we will still be using IP version four because there are translation mechanisms from IP version four to IP version six. Anyway. But just to know the basics, we're going to provide you with some little information about IP version six that's not too advanced. You will not be an IPversion Six expert after this section. IP version six has 28 bits in total versus IP version four, which has only 32 bits. And it can have up to 3.4 times the power of 38 IP addresses. 123-4567, eight fields. And for every field, these are 16 hexadecimal values. Now, if you look at it, it seems complicated, especially if you're configuring your interfaces manually. But believe it or not, it can be simple. First, we can shorten it by removing the leading zeros. So this is a leading zero. These are leading zeros. These are leading zeros. These are leading zeros. Leading zeros, leading zeros, leading zeros. We can remove that and it will look like this: See how clean it is? Not only that, we can still shorten it. If you see successive fields of zeros, you can just erase them and it will look like double colors. and this will be the short version of this. So, what are the benefits of iPad version six? Well, there are many benefits. like it has a large attic space. Well, obviously, it has a simpler header, security, and mobility. They designed it to be secured and used for mobile devices, especially for the IoT. We also have transitional richness. Now we have four types of IP version six, namely unicast. We have the global unicast. And this is publicly Routable addresses. That starts with 2000, with the prefix of 30. The Ayana Link local address is responsible for this. This is like our private IP address for version four. And obviously it's non Routable and it startswith Fe 80 with the prefix of dead. We also have unique locals. This is used for joining two subnets that do not cause address collusion. It starts with FCF. Seven. We have 41 big global IDs, 16 bit subnet IDs, and 64 bit interface address interface IDs. So we also have special addresses, and these are reserved for multiple purposes. This is for unspecified address, zero fordefault route, 1128 for loopback address. If you look at default route and the loopbackaddress, believe it or not, this is even shorterversus our IP version four, default route for theconfiguration and also for the loophout address, where forIP version four we use 127 and any numberfor the second, third and forth. Often, IP version 6 is multicast. Now multicast. This is the traffic that's sent to a member of a group. Take note: in IP version six, there are no broadcasts. If a device needs to send to multiple hosts, we will be using multicastand IP version six, multicast, is routed. This multicast address most of the time isused for routing protocols such as OSPF versionthree, where it uses FF two for nextgeneration or using FF two nine for EIGRP. It's FF 2 8 Do we also have any casts? What is an anycast? This is a single address assigned to multiple hosts. Think of this as a cluster IP address where we have, let's say, ten hosts or five hosts, but they're only sharing one IP address. A packet sent to any cast address is delivered to the first node that is available. Okay? And the concept of anycast in IP version six is the same as it is in IP version four.

11. Routing Concepts Part 1

I borrowed the network topology from our previous discussion, where we have the 172 dot 16 dot zero, dot zero slash 24 network. And we have three host PCAs, the one PC, the two PCBs, excuse me, the two, and the server C, which is 170, 2160, three. Next, I am going to create another network, and I'm going to add a new switch here. I'm going to name this switch Two, and I'm going to add the arrows. I'm going to also name this switch one.I am going to add two more hosts. This is PCD, and we have servers. The network address for these two hosts will be 170, 216. Let's do a little refreshing. PCA can send traffic to server C as well as PCB, right? How about PCD? Can PCD send traffic to server E? Let me add a host IP address. So the PCD is four and the server is five. All right, so PCD can send traffic to the server because they are in the same network and connected to the same layer as the device, which is the switch to.Now, here is the question can we send trafficfrom, let's say PCA to server E or TCB? Can it send traffic to Server E? Let me just put it back here. This top four, this is top five. All right, so the question would be: can PCV sense traffic to server E? Oh, wait, there's no connection between Switch One and Switch Two. Let me add a connection. There you go. Can PCB send traffic to server E? Is it possible? The answer is never. It doesn't work that way in a layer-two environment. Whatever configuration you have here, it will never work. The reason behind this is that these are two different networks with two different broadcast domains, and a switch is not capable of forwarding traffic from one network to the other. So there are two things we must do. Let me just erase these two drawings. Now, our first task will be adding a default gateway to our host device. What is the default gateway? This is a configuration under our PC's or host network settings that allows us to send traffic to the other network. So I'm going to add a default gateway of PCA, which is 170, 2160, or 254 for server C. The default gateway will be two, five, or four. There you go. Now, we're also going to do the same with PCD and servers as before. So the default gateway is already configured on all of our hosts. Next will be the layer three device, which we call the router. I'm going to connect the two switches to the two interfaces of our router. I am going to assign this link to Ethernet zero and Ethernet one. There you go. Going to sign an IP address for ethernet zero, which is 170 216 00:25:4 for E-1, or ethernet-one, which is also 172 16-1 This is our network, 254. A router's other function is not only to send or forward traffic from one network to another. It also isolates the broadcast domain. So this is one broadcast domain, and this is the other broadcast domain. So now this is our set up.We have two networks, 170 2160, 94, and we have 170 216, 100:24, all connected between switch one and switch two, and between these two devices, this switch is a router. Now, our goal is for PCB to send traffic to server E. So what I'm going to do is next to PCB, I will just add it here that, from the PCB's perspective, from 170 2160, you want to send traffic to 170 216, both in the 24 network or netmask. Right? Here's the question: Are they on the same network? No, definitely not. Because look at the third offset. One is not zero, and the other is one. So if you are sending traffic to a different network, this is the time that you need to consult with the default gateway. So from the perspective of PCB, it will just send traffic to the gateway, which is two-five-four, which is the router. and the router will figure out if he can send or forward the traffic to the destination. The router received the traffic and will do the processing. One of these processes is to check the routing table. Now, here's what the routing table looks like. Inside the routing table, we have the network. So we have 170 216 00:24, and this is directly connected to one. So two networks are already added to the router routing table. Why? Because this is the network of two. It is assigned to e one and e zero interface. So again, this is directly connected. Most of the time, we use Cas, the code for directly connected networks. Now let's continue. Once the router receives the traffic from the PCB, it will process it, check the routing table, and say, "Hey, your destination is 170 216." See it here in my routing table, and I will forward it out to e1, which is directly connected to switch two. If switch two already knows how to get to server E, say e five, the switch will simply forward the traffic to e five, where server E will receive it and respond to the router. Assuming that we already have a default gateway set on the router, we will again return the traffic to its original source, which is PCB.

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