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CCNP Enterprise ENSLD (300-420): Designing IS-IS Routing

1. Designing IS-IS Routing

Hello and welcome to designing. ISIS rounding. This section presents a detailed discussion of the mechanics of how intermediate system to intermediate system works, the constraints that make up the design recommendations and suggestions for the design, information regarding Cisco's implementation, and a comparison between SPF throughout each of the topics. Now, the first topic presents a brief history explaining that ISIS is a Lynxstate layer two interior protocol that is part of the International Standards Organization suite. We transition to a fairly detailed discussion that explains the various protocols that reside in the ISO layers relating to ISIS, the layer three connectionless network services, the ISO layer three connectionless network protocol, and network services access point NSAP, which is the addressing structure of the ISIS si s nods.The next topic discusses the I-S-I-S characteristic capabilities that include VLSM support for variable-length subnet mask link costs. Dijkstra's shortest path is the first SPF algorithm. the use of routing levels. the Helloosex Exchange to establish instances. And the Linkstate protocol data unit LSP, which is used to construct the Linkstate database in a manner similar to OSPF. as well as how IP and CLNs are used in the routing update process. You will read about the hierarchical design of areas and domains with reference to OSPF, how traffic flows from one area to the other based on area design and link type, The section segues into the topic of agencies and authentication, including how adjacency is established based on prerequisites, the agreed parameters, the role of CLNS in the establishment of adjacency, and the role of LSPs in the AIDS. Uvil's has several implementation options available, such as the pure IEP domain and the dual dot domain. Detail is provided on the similarities and differences between IS and OSP relating to the design and operation of how the various areas affect each other. Detail is given on how LSAs work in OSPF versus how LS work in ISIS. There are charts that break down the components of the NSAP address scheme itemizing. the ISIS header packet. Fields. A data flow diagram describing the flow of information within the ISIS routing function is given. It's called the Receive Update and Forward mechanism. You will read how the SystemID is used to route between Angen areas. A discussion follows explaining how the link statedatabase is built using the first SPF algorithm. Root leakage, optimal resource use, and challenges in troubleshooting network problems are all features that can help optimise routing performance. The next topic describes how adjacent series get established on a local area network with supportant-level routers as well as the virtual router election process. Also, you will learn how the sequencenumber protocol data units participate in the link state database synchronisation process. This section describes how the ISIS design provides for protecting the core from institutions within the access layer based on proper route summarization. An example diagram of the contribution and access layer is provided along with a detailed description of the last several topics. Thus the ability to incorporate IPV Four and IPV Six in a single topology Otty topology implementation along with restriction considerations The objective of this section is to not only provide recommendations and suggestions for improving your eyesight but also familiarise you with the mechanics and processes of the ISIS routing prototype architecture for designing ISIS routing.

2. Describe the IS-IS Routing Protocol

The ISO developed a complete suite of routing protocols for use in the OSI protocol suite, which includes an integration system and an intermediate system. This addresses the design and operation of the ISIS protocol, which is an intradomain OS dynamic routing tickle that is specified in ISO TS 589 I Si S was created originally to root in ISOC LNP networks. However, a version has since been created that supports both LENP and IP networks. This version is usually referred to as "integrated ISI S" as an OSI link-state routing protocol and is scalable with very fast convergence. is uniquely designed as the IGP for the CLNS, which is part of the OSI protocol suite. IP is the interior gateway protocol. The OSI protocol suite's layer three protocol uses its connectionless network service addresses to identify and build the LSDB. Some of ISIS's features include encoding the packets in the T format, which is a flexible protocol in terms of tuning and easily extensible to new features, etc. It runs directly over layer two. The two types of ISI Snoz RN systems—any nonrooting network node and intermediate systems—refer to rattles as intermediate systems. Thus, ISIS is a protocol that allowsraw to communicate with other routers. The Usisuite uses CLNS to provide connection levy of data, and the actual layer three protocol is CLNP. I Si S uses CLNS addresses to identify the routers and to build the link state database. The CLNS addresses access points with three components: an area identifier followed by a system identifier and an N selector. The elector refers to the network service used, such as a transport protocol or the routing layer. Ithammela is interpreted as the application port number that is used in the IPTp. The CLA dressing scheme is introduced later in this lesson. I is easy to extend through the LV mechanism. TLV strings, which are called Tuples, are present. In all, ISI S can easily grow to support IPV6 or any other protocol. ISI s comprises simply creating new TLVS. adding new features to the protocol. is also made easier with the use of TLVS. The intermediate systems communicate with each other by using Layer 2 of the OSI model directly. There is no need for IP or any other air protocol. The interface with the data link layer two primarily involves operation, detection, formation, and maintenance of routing adjacencies with neighbouring routers over various types of interkin network media or link characteristics. is the dynamic link state routing protocol for the Osiprotectcle stack. It distributes route formation for routingCLNP data for the IsoCLNS environment. ISI a link state routing protocol that supports VLSM,uses the Dijkstra SPF algorithm and has convergence. It also uses Hellos to establish adjacencies and Link Packets to exchange link state information. It efficiently uses bandwidth, memory, and processor and supports two routing levels. Each router has topology information for its integrated area integrated.ISI scan updates include IP and CLNProuting information. The widest-style metrics should be used for large networks. The link cost defaults to ten, and each router is identified using a unique NSAP address. VLSM equals variable length subnet mask. S operates similarly to OE. S allows the routing domain to be partitioned into two areas. Routers establish adjacency using the Hello protocol, and they exchange link state information using LSPs throughout an area to build the LSDB. Each router then runs an extra SPF algorithm against its LSDB to pick the best paths. There is a minimal amount of information that is communicated between areas, which reduces the burden on routers supporting the protocol. ISIS routing takes place at two levels: level one and level two. Like OSPF, ISI-S is also a link-state protocol using Dijkstra's algorithm, and each router has topology information for itsarea S is part of the OSI standard protocol suite and was originally used with CLNS. Each router is identified by a unique NSAP address that is part of the CLNS protocol. ISI S still uses LNs to maintain adjacencies and build SPF trees, but the integrated version of ISIS can boost other protocols such as IP and can also have extensions for Cisco multiprotocol label switching traffic engineering The widest-style metrics should be used for large high-speed survivor networks. The link cost defaults to N and can be modified to reflect the desired cost. The narrowest tile metric can only accommodate 64-meter book values, which are typically insufficient in modern networks and may not even be compatible with some extensions such as those for Cisco MPL. Other important OSI networking terms include area domain,level one, routing, level two and the backbone. SN networking uses the following terms: area A group of contiguous networks and attached hosts that are specified as an area by a network administrator Manager of a domain a collection of connected areas. Routing domains provide full connections to all end systems within them. In other words, an ISI routing domain and, as a network, the routers will run the integrated ISI's routing protocol to support interdomain exchange of routing engines in an area. A level one router knows only the top of its own airport and can have level one or level one and level two neighbours only in its own area. It has a level one link state database with all the information for intraarea routing. It uses the closest level one or level two router in its own area to send packets out of the area. A level-two capable router may have level-two neighbours in the same or different areas, and it has a level-two link-state database containing all interreal routing information. The router can also serve as a level one or level two system host. has both level one and level two link-state databases. Backbone a chain of level-2 capable routers with the infamous for complete interreal routing The backbone will span multiple areas, with member routers in every area. The backbone must not be interrupted, so you have to design your network with redundant levels in mind. This will make the backbone more resilient to faults in links or route turns along the way. The figure illustrates a hierarchical ISI's design with these characteristics area ID one with level-two-only routers in the core area ID two-through and with level-one routers All level one and level two routers connect areas to the backbone. This network's backbone is made up of all level-2 capable routers. All intermodal traffic must cross the backbone. Level-two adjacentes are shown as red connections between the routers, while level-one adjacentes are shown as blue connections between routers. This is a generic representation of what can be implemented using ISIS. Like OSPF. ISIS can also be implemented in a simpler fashion with fewer areas—simply one area and one level. Unlike OSPF, all areas do not have to connect to a common backbone area. To demonstrate this, you could have a level-two connection between areas just like the one in area DS three and four in the example. This means that traffic between area IDs three A and four can go directly over the level-two link between them with no need to go through area ID one. On the other hand, traffic from between areas two and three must go through area one. In this slide and the following slides, level-two adjacencies are shown in red, while level-one adjacencies are shown in blue. In this ISI's router and link illustration, only level one routers can establish level one adjacencies; only blue level two routers can establish both level one and level two adjacencies. Level one router understands that the topology only provides one area and has level one or level one and level two neighbouring areas. It has a level one link state database with all the information for intraarea routing. It uses the closest level one or level two router in its own area to send packets out of the area. A level-two router may have neighbours in the same or in different areas, and it has a level-two link statebase with all information for interregional routing. Level-two routers know about other areas but do not have level-one information about their own area.If the traffic in an area is intermittent, routers can be configured as level two. A level one or level two router may have neighbours in any It has two link-state databases. a level one link state database for intraarea routing and a level two link state database for interarea routing. A level one or level two router runs TPFs and may require more memory and processing power. A level one link is only for level one sensors within the same area. A level-two link is only for level-two adjacencies, but it can be between areas or within an area. A level one link and a level two link are used for level one and level two.

3. Examine IS-IS Adjacencies and Authentication

Examine ISI-S adjacencies and authentication the subnetwork dependent functions of therouting that are provided by ISISare responsible for discovering, establishing andmaintaining adjacencies between the routers'in. An ISIS domain's successful formation of an ISI sagency between two nodes is a prerequisite for the exchange of ISI's routing information by using Le's NSNPS. The figure shows examples of different router types and ISI's agencies that can form between them. The differences based on topology will have an impact on the forming. Jainsensees' two routers will become neighbourhoods if the agreed-upon parameters level One or two routers sharing a common network segment must be in the same area to form a level one adjacency. Level 2 routers sharing a common network segment must be configured as level 2 if they are in different areas and want to become neighbors. S is an OSI link stating a protocol that is proven to be very stable and scalable with very fast convergence. was originally designed as the IGP for the CLNS, which is part of the OSI Protocol Suite. CLNSaddresses are used by the OSI protocol suite's layer three protocols to identify I routers and build the LSDB. It is perfectly valid for two routers to have both level-one and level-two adjacency with each other. This behaviour default is behaviour on Cisco iOS. Souter A and router B will have both types of adjacency unless specifically configured for level one or level two. The neighbor's authentication affects adjacency formation. S allows for the configuration of a password for a specified link in an area or for an entire domain. ISP adjacencies are established based on the area address and the router type. There are two types of networks: point-to-point and broadcast, unlike the open shortest path. First, ISIS does not have other network types like non-broadcast and point to multipoint.For each type of network, a differenttype of ISI packet is exchanged toestablish adjacency for pointtopoint topologies. The IIHD uses are common for levels one and two. However, within the same hello packet, the actual level one, level one, and level are announced. Level-one routers in the same area exchange IIDs that specify level one and establish a level-one adjacency. Level Two routers Exchange Iihpd specify leveltwo and establish a level two adjacence. Rimerr creates and maintains level one and level two adjacencies using a commonachpdu that limits the level one and level two information to two. Level one routers that are physically connected but not in the same area can exchange IIHS, but they do not establish adjacency because area addresses do not match. I use SI SARE authentication. When air authentication is configured, the password is carried in the L1 LSPs, CSNPs, and PSNPS. These routers are in the same ISI, all configuredwith the same area password for land topologies The routers from one unarrested level one IIHPDU can only be from their own area, so they established level one adjacent sensilli with level one routers from their own area. The routers are from a second area. Similarly, with the exception of one IHEd useonly from their own area, Except for level-two adjacent routers, level-two routers within any level-one-two router Integrated ISIS is an implementation of the ISIS protocol. multiple work protocols. Integrated ISI Sisified in request for comments? Integrated ISI signals CLNP routes with information about IP networks and subnets as an alternative to OSPF. Integrated ISIs combine ISOCs and IP routing into one protocol. Integrated ISI S can be used for IP routing or a combination of the two. Integrated ISI S uses its own PD, including IP reachability information, to transport information between routers. Is information is not carried within anetwork layer protocol, but instead is carrieddirectly within date layer frames. This protocol independence makes ISI-S easily extensible. There is a version of integrated ISI S that supports IPV 6 as described in RFC 5308. Because ISIS uses CLNS addresses to identify the route and to build the LSDB, an understanding of CLNS addresses is required to configure and troubleshoot even when it is used only for routing IP. The following implementation options for PSI S domains are specified by RFC 1195 for pure IP domains but support forwarding and processing of OSI packets that are required for ISI S operation. Poisotomain carries only Isotraffic, including any communication that is required. ISI ETS operation. A dual domain routes both IP and LNP traffic simultaneously. It is also possible to design a dualdomain so that some areas whereas others rootCLNP only and yet others root. The goal is to achieve consistent routing information within an area by having identical level-one link state databases in this area. In other words, this means that you should haveconsistency of router configions within one area by configuringall routers in an area the same way. If it is an IPO area, then all route types should be configured for IP only, and so on. On the domain level, you can mix different types and attach them to the backbone.

4. IS-IS and OSPF Similarities

Snospf shares many similarities. Integrated ISI Snospf and OpenSSL are both open standard link-state protocols with many similar features. They are both used as an IGP.They both have link state representation ageing times, and LS synchronisation contains SPF algorithms. They both use updated flooding processors and have VLSM support. Additional features of both integrated ISI Snospf systems include the use of the concept of area. They both have a quick convergence time due to their hierarchical nature. They are both deployed in enterprise and service-provider environments. Although OSPF is a more likely candidate for theenterprise Elises its advantages in art service provider networkscomprehended ISIS and OSPF area are designed. This topic will discuss the differences in area design between OSPF and integer ISI S. OSPF is based on a central backbone, with other areas attached to it. In OSPF, the border is inside routers. Each link corresponds to one area. The backbone area zero is always preferred for traffic between areas. With OSPF, network design is constrained by the fact that OSPF is based on a central backbone, with all other areas being physically attached to area zero, the border between areas. Each link is in only one area. When you type in a hierarchical model, a consistent IP addressing structure is necessary to summarise addresses into the backbone. Summarization also reduces the amount of data carried in the backbone and distributes it throughout the network. Integrated ISI svsospf ISI's area design. In comparison, ISI S has a hierarchy of level one and level two, and the area buyers lie on Link I. Si s permits a morphebleapproach to extending the backbone. The backbone can be extended by simply adding more level-to-level-one and two routers, which is a less complex process than with OSPF. The area borders in ISIS are defined by links. Each Is router belongs to exactly one area. ISIS is more flexible when extending the backbone. Interregular traffic goes through the closest level one or level two router. The ISI S bagged bone is a level 2 capable router that covers a wide range of applications. OSPF and IIS characteristics. OSPF produces many small LSIs. Updates are grouped by the router and are sent as one LSP. Thus, as network complexity increases, the number of ISI S updates is not an issue. Each update packet must be routed, and routing uses network resources, so more packets represent a larger impact on the networks. Significantly fewer LSPs and more routers make ISIS more scalable than OSPF. OSPF runs over I, whereas ISIS runs through CLNS. OSPF characteristics include areas inside routers. Each link is in only one area OPSF is mochexing to extend the backbone. Many small LSAs are sent. It runs on top of IP and renews IP addresses. The default metric is scaled by interface bandwidth. Equipment and information are more readily available. S is also more efficient than OSPA in its use of CTPuresources and in the way it processes routing updates. Not only are there few SPs to be processed in OSPF terminology, but also the mechanism by which ISI instals and withdraws prefixes is less intensive. ISIS uses net addresses, which are already summarised and integrated. ISI S has the following border on links characteristics: Each router is in only one area and is a simple extension of the backbone. There are fewer LSPs sent, and it runs on top of the data. link layer requires IP and CLNS addresses. The default metric is ten for all interfaces. It is easy to support new protocols with the new type-length value. TLV, Tuples Equipping personnel and information is not as easy for ISIS. Both Ospfsis are link-state protocols, so they provide fast convergence. The convergence depends on several factors such as timers, the number of nodes, and the type of router-based default. Timers detect a failure faster than OSPF does. Therefore, convergence at more rapidly If there are many neighbouring routers and adjacencies, the convergence time may also depend on the processing power of the router. ISIS says less Cpuintensive than OSF. New features are not easily implemented in OSPF packets. They require the creation of a new LSA. The OSPF description schema is difficult to extend because of compatibility. Tissian, because it was developed exclusively for IPV 4, Isi S, is easy to extend through the TLV mechanism. TLV strings, which are called tuples and encode all ISI substrings, can easily grow to cover IPV6 or any other protocol. Because extending ISI S comprises simply creating new TLVS, an enterprise may choose OSPF over ISIS because OSPF is more optimised and because it was designed exclusively for the Azeroth rooting protocol. For example, OSPF defines different area types. The default OSPF metric is related to the interface bandwidth, while ISS defaults to a metric of ten on all interfaces. If an enterprise uses OSPF, it requires networking equipment that supports OSPF and network engineers that are familiar with OSPF theory and operation. It is relatively easy to find both equipment and personnel to support an OSPF infrastructure. Further, OSPF documentation is much more readily available than Dockishton for ISIS is addressing.SLS uses NSAP addresses to identify the router and build the topology table and the underlying routing tree. Therefore, ISIS requires NSAP addresses to function properly, even if it is only for routing IP. OSI network layer addressing is implemented with NSAP addresses. An Nsapp address identifies a system in the OSI network. An address represents a IR node. Various NSAP formats are used in various systems because different protocols may use different representations of NSAP. NSAP addresses are a maximum. Higher-order bits identify the interreal structure. lower-order bitsystems within an area. NSAP addresses contain the OSI address of the device and the link to the higher-layer process. The Nsapp address is equivalent to the combination of the IP address and upper layer protocol in an IP header. NSAP addresses have a maximum size of 20 bytes. High-order bits identify the interrealia structure, and the low-order bits identify unique systems within it. There are various NSAP address formats. The Cisco implementation of ISIS distinguishes only these three fields in the NSAP address, which is an area address variable-length octet, typically at least one byte. The System ID intermediate system identifier in an area has a fixed length of six octets. The NSCL one-octet NSAP selector and service total Cisco routers address that conform to the ISO in Cisco iOS software. The Iffy and the IDI compose the initial domain identifier of the NSAP address. The IDP corresponds roughly to an IP-based major network. The official byte specifies the format of the address and the authority that is assigned to this address. Some valid values shown in addresses starting with the integer 49 are private addresses, which are analogous to these addresses. However, this government address should not be advertised to other CLNS networks because they are ad hoc addresses. Other companies that use the value of 49 may have created different numbering schemes that, when used together, create confusion. The IDI identifies a subdomain under the Affi. The domain-specific part contributes to routing within an ISIS routing domain, along with the DSP compressor, the System ID, and the NSEA. The Ho DSP subdivides the domain areas. The Ho DSP is approximately the OSI equivalent of a subnet. In IP, the system II identifies an individual OSI device. In OSI, a device has an address just as it does in DECnet, while in IP, each interface has an address. The NSCL identifies a process on the device and corresponds roughly to a port or socket. In IP, the NSCL is not used in routing decisions. The area address is also referred to as the prefix. Routers use the Net to identify themselves. In the ISI SPU, for example, you might assign 490, which represents the following address: IDEO, which is the Media Access Control address of a LAN interface, or routers within an area must use the same area address. The area address is used in LEV II routing. System ID identifies the intermediate system. The System ID for level one routers must be unique within an area. The system ID for level two routers must be unique within the whole domain. A domainwide unique system ID is usually used. The area address uniquely identifies the rear ear, and the System ID identifies each node. The first part of an NSAP is the areas, and it is associated with the ISIS routing process. Unlike Ospsis, a router can be a member of only one area. All routers in an area must use the Sier address, which defines the area. The area address is used in level two. The six-byte NSAP System ID must be unique within an area. It is customary to use a Mac address from the router for integrated ISIS; to encode an IP address into theall, system IDs in a domain must be of equal length. Cisco enforces the OSI Directive by fixing the length of the System ID at six bytes. The first eight octets of all ISI SPDs are header fields that are common to all PDU types. The TLV information is stored at the very end of the PDU. Different types of PDS have a set of concurrently defined TLV codes. Netlv codes that are notated by a router should be ignored and passed through unchanged, injected directly into an OSI data link frame. ISIS defines four types of PDUs, and each type can be level one or level two. IIH enables intermediate systems to detect ISI's neighbours and former Jansense. There are two separate Lanih packets for level one and level two. Instances. Routers send a single packet for level one, level two, and level one and level two, depending on the nature of the adjacency. SPPDU is used to distribute link-state information. PSNP is to acknowledge and request missing pieces of link-state information. CSNP CSNs are used to describe the complete list of LSPs in the LSDB of a router. CSNPs are to inform other routers of LSPs that may be outdated or missing from their own database. This shows that all routers have the same information and are synchronized. The packets are similar to an OAF database description packet. The PDUs include whether the PDU is a point-to or a land-based PDU. The source ID is the system ID of the sending router. The holding period is the time to wait to hear a hello before declaring the neighbour dead. Similar to the OSPF dead interval, the default value is three times the hello interval but can be changed with the Is hello multiplier command. The circuit type indicates whether the interface on which the PDU enters is level one, level two, or both level one and level two. The PDU length plus the LAN ID is the systemID of the disc plus the pseudonode ID. To differentiate LAN IDs on the same disks, thepriority is higher is better used in disolection thesource address of ISI messages is always the datalinklayer address of the local end of the adjacency. The destination address on broadcast media such as Ethernet is one of two reserved multicast Mac addresses. Information data flow is the flow of information within the ISI's routing function as represented by the ISI's dataflow diagram, which comprises four processors and a rib that comprises the link state database and the forwarding database. The four processors in the AISI's dataflow diagram are receive, update, decision, and forward. The receive process is the entry point for all data including user data, error reports, routing information, and control packs. It passes user data and error reports to the forward process and passes routing information and control packets and sequence number packets to the update process. The DATE process generates local link information that is flooded to adjacent routers. In addition, the update process receives and forwards link information that is received from an adjacent router. This process manages the level one and level two link state databases and floods level one and Liu LSPs throughout an area. The decision process runs the SPF algorithm on the link database and creates the forwarding database. It computes setschool and next hop information. Cost per ad Making an adjacency set for low load balancing on a Cisco route Load balancing across up to six PCs is supported. Cool-cost paths The forward process receives its input from the receive process and uses the forwarding database to forward data packets toward detonation. It also redirects load-sharing and generates error reports.

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