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Network Programmability Foundation

12. 1.4 Python Basics

Great. We have reached Chapter 4, where you have to learn about the Python script containing the datastructure, the class function conditions, loops, etcetera. So what I have done in this particular section is add one dot. Four, I split into two separate videos. So this particular section has followed two sessions and two videos where you will learn and understand, first of all, the basic structure of Python and then the data types as well. So please go and complete two videos after this session. And then the section one four will get completed. Will meet in section one five. Then.

13. Let's Learn Python

Let us understand Python. We know the importance of the Python language, and now it is used everywhere. So whether it's networking or machine learning or artificial intelligence, you'll find that the use of Python is huge. Why it is this much popular? First of all, this is the interpreter label language. The codes are easy to learn. Again, when compared to traditional programming languages such as C, C, and Java, And then if you go and compare the Python, you'll find that the result inside Python is very fast because it's almost like an interpreter. It means you are doing the inline type of coding; you are giving input and getting output. So not only can we do the inline type of programming, but we can go and create a well documented program, and then we can run this as a script as well. So options are there in Python, and it's very lightweight, fast to execute, and widely used inside different types of operating systems. So for example, in our case, you'll find thatmost of the Linux operating system, by default, theyhave this Python running inside the box, or evenit's very easy to install the Python language. You'll see that I will go and install Python. There are three or four commands that you want to run for the installation in Nexus OS. Python is there; you can go to Nexus OS, you can write Python, and you will move to the Python cell or Python interpreter. All right? So you can see that you can go to Linux and type Python, and you will be inside Python. So what does it mean once you're inside the Python? You can see that I have my network automation tool. But before going there, I want to show you that you should use these commands at least the first two times the app gets updated and gets installed to do the installation for the Python language. So I can go ahead and do the installation because we already have Python up and running. so it will not run much. Even if some minor updates are there, it will go and do the update. Otherwise, we are running Python. That's the latest version, correct? So you can see that you can go and copy-paste all these commands, and you'll see that your Python and then the integrated modules are up and running. So once Python has been installed on the Linux machine, you can go and type Python. Here you can see that we are in Python. So, once we've arrived, we can assign the values and then say Y equals x plus four, followed by print Y. You can see how easy it is to operate. But in the upcoming session, you will see that we have big scripts related to networking device SSH and configuration and open and close a file and run the scripts in different types of environments for all conditions. OK, so those are the things we will see in the upcoming session. Now let's come back to the Python. So it's very simple to use, and it's something that most networking devices have in common. So that's why one Python can do the automation for most of the networking devices. And not only the networking devices—there are other use cases in other technologies as well. So what are the benefits? It's a free and open source programme that's portable, easy to use and learn, object-oriented, and functionally named after the Monty Python competition; it's not written in hex or binaries, which means it's not written in low-level code. So that's why it's compared to low label program. It is taking a long time to do the execution. Again, when compared to tickle, pearl, PHP, C plus, plus, C, hash, and other programming languages, Python comes out on top because it is simple to learn and use. Now, to run this program, a Python program, we have a number of options. One option that we are seeing here will be the best one that I can take to the Python, and then I can write the script. This is the inline way, but I can go here, say, for example, let me go out from here, and then I can create a file, say, test py, that's the Python extension, and then you can go and write your script here, whatever script you have, and then it will get executed. At the moment, I don't have any other scripts up and running. So I have to say "nano".And let me show you this if I have any old scripts that I just want to show you. So here you can see that I have few ofthe scripts that is already up and already there thatI can show you the format and sentence. But at this point in time, I just wanted to show you that the extension is PY, and it's very easy to build, and again, it's very easy to execute as well. So I can go here to Python 3, because we are focusing on Python 3. And then I can run. WLC one dot pY, for example. If I press Enter, then this programme willget executed and then we'll get the result. Although how I write this program, you'llsee that complexity is there that youwill learn in upcoming ite this progrSo it's easy to use and easy to execute. And there are several IDs in all. So you can see that you have ID, you have Commodore Python, Win Python, et cetera. There are so many what is ID, whatis integrated development environment that you have onenotepad type of editor where you can editthe programme and then you can run it. So I have one ID here, and by the end of this session, it will be this way. I'll tell you that from where you can go and get it. So first of all, here you can see that I have my cell. It is looking like this. Again, if I go and put tax at 10 and print X, So here, you can see how it will work. And, again, if you have a script, you can open it differently. You can go and say "Create new file." And once you have this new file, this is your ID. Both are the ID. And, once again, you can assign sayequal to 55 and print say X. And then you should save this. So if I go ahead and save this as 55 PY, once I save it, then I have the option to run this. So I can go here to run, say, the model. and then we'll get the output save it, so many ways to write the program. The best option we have is that we should use Linux. And then in GNS, obviously, we have the automation options that we can use. We can use that, and again, we can connect with various networking devices. Now here are some low-level terms about Python. So how is the task executed? So first of all, we'll go and save the programme as a PY extension. It will then be converted into a bite coat. That is the PYC; that's the internal conversion. And then we have the runtime PBM. So it's something like, from high level to low level, how the programme is getting executed behind the scenes. And here you can see that this event is nothing but the Python virtual machine PBM. And again, when compared to C and other languages, you find it easy to use, and it uses some sort of bytecode method to execute and run the program. The installation is very easy. You can either use the Linux that we are using in GNS 3 or go to the link here, which is Python.org. You can download the version related to Windows or Mac OS, et cetera. Although Python is already present in Mac OS, it is also present in most Linux systems nowadays. Windows, you can go download and install the software, and I've also shown you the concept. But once you install that, then you can check that as well. Assume we can run the Python programme in Windows. I'm showing on my laptop that it looks like this. Say, for example, y equals 99. Again, I should assign from here, say 99, and then print why? Then it will give you numerous ways to excuse the program. And it's very easy to install; it's very easy to learn; and it's easy to implement, too. So that's why Python is widely used everywhere at the present time.

14. Python Conceptual Hierarchy

Now, next topic. We have a Python conceptual hierarchy. We know at this point of time that we can go and write the program, and then you can save it as Pyxension. Now, what is happening is that whenever we are writing the program, we have models. Obviously you have the blocks, and that block is nothing but the model. Inside that model we have the statement of expression, and those statements that contain expression are nothing but objects. Everything in Python is an object. We have so many built-in objects as well. We can write code to define the objects as well. and there is actually no concept of that. You have no concept of that. You are using some old expression or something like that. Because if you see the notes, you'll find that Python is considered a dynamic language. One way to understand is it tosee that Python does not require variable. That's the thing. Let's see how things change. You can say that it does not require variables, but it's a dynamic system. We can go and assign the variable, correct? So suppose x equals five. We are assigning dynamically means. At that particular instance, you are creating one variable and assigning it. That is because it is supported and natively supported within Linux. So most of the Linux operating systems are very easy to install and use as well. So here is one example, and it's not required in Python 3 that you should go and write like this. But what we can do that,we can start with this shebang. This is called the shebang, but it's not required. Let me quickly show you this. The same programme in Python Three, because Python Twois announced officially that will be out of support,out of life, you can think us, et cetera. So there is no longer supportfor Python Two in upcoming time. So what we should do is go and focus more on Python Three and the subject, right? So let me show you here what this programme that we have looks like. Allow me to write one program. Let me go and write here. So what is this? That simply means you can go here and give, say, a course in Cisco networking programming. That's the course. because this is the string. So you should close inside the quotes. Either you can use a single or double quote, but you should not mix a single bitdouble, a double with a single, et cetera. And then you can go and print. There are some issues like this in other versions of Python. However, when using Python 3, you should use syntax similar to this printer course. And you can see that Cisco network in action here. Here, you can see the example with the old version. If I go here and use PrintCourses, it will not work, okay? Because it is telling you that print is a function, you should go and use this format. Now next, we have three very important terms here. You can also use the Help utility function to assist Dear and type. This is critical for understanding all three. So "help" means let me quickly read out this. Help indicates that we have access to the object's documentation in Python. means what methods are related to that object, and type obviously means what type of string, function, or expression you're using, or object you're using. to be more precise. So here, for example, if I type x equals one, and then if I type x, you can see that the type is integer, okay? Likewise, if I go and do x, then what methods are related to x? You will find that these are the methods like ABS, add, bool, seal, class, deal, attribute, tir, et cetera. So these are the supported methods with an integer. Suppose x equals A; that's the string. Then I can go and use, say, type X. And now you can see that x was once one and is now A. So we are dynamically assigning the variables. And then here, you can see the type is now string. And if I go and type, say, x, you can see the methods related to strings, the methods related to integers, and then the methods related to strings. Finally, we can use the help utilities, the help I.T. So it will go and tell you the int-related object. This is the class end object, and the methods inside this class—all these options inside this class are telling you that you can do all these things. Likewise, I can press the up arrow, and I can go and check a string. The string addition then contains equal, format, length, and so on. All these methods are telling us that we can go and use them inside this particular , etcetera. So that was the important information—the same explanation here. Also, just for your reference, you can go and read it. Then finally, we have to go and study about Python data types. So in the upcoming session we are going to learn about the string, number, list, dictionary, boolean, and file. Although you'll find that all these importantinformation that we have here as abasic understanding of Python are easy. And all these concepts that we are going to learn here, we're going to use in the advanced section where we'll go and configure the network devices. There are so many operations that we are going to do. So we can let configure SSH configure. We'll use various methodologies related to SSH and configuration as well. Okay? So this basic understanding and knowledge ofall these data types or the objectsis important in the upcoming future videos.

15. 1.5 Python Virtual Environment

Let us understand Python's virtual environment. Now this is useful, and you can correlate this with the type of thing that routers do with VRFs. like you have a virtual routing and forwarding instance. That means one router doesn't have only one routing table, but it can have multiple routing tables, just like in the same Python application or Python interpreter that we have in our system. I can run multiple versions of a programme with multiple APIs. So rather than installing different Python flavours on different systems in our virtual environment, we can test different versions of programming code with different sets of APIs. Okay, you can also look at this link. You can see the explanation. Let's say you have Epic One 1 and Epic 10 2 M, and you want to check the API codes for both the Epic and ACI controllers. You don't need to install any additional Python packages to do so. Rather than you can work in virtualized environmentand then you can run these programs. All right, so how can we use the virtual environment? Here you can see I can go online and log in to my automation tool. I can go and check the ZIP installation. Before doing this, we should perform the update. Update. Once you do the update, you can check the ZIP installation. Then after that, you can see that we have a command app kit installed in a Python 3 virtual environment. We'll go and do the cloning for one of the sites that we are going to use in upcoming sessions. So we can reuse the code or we can change the IPS or certain places in that code, which we can then utilise in our programme as well. So let's just get it completed. Although we have done these steps in the earlier sessions as well, it can be very fast. So we can wait for the next 15 seconds here. All right, so it's almost done. Then I can go and do the "Get installation" here. You can see now that we are getting the option. Once this is done, let's wait here. Then what I can do is go and dot-install Python 3, and this will also take some time. Done. I can see it's quite fast. Now I'll go and do the cloning for thekit, and this will be the big URL. So GitHub.com AI's getting started So let me type the entire code here. This is a long string. When you can go to this URL and check the coding and everything. It's very easy to use with the Web browser. So I can go ahead and start typing the entire string and Cisco staple. You can see it is doing the cloning, and it is asking for the username and password. Because we have said that I have theusername and password and it is not found. Great. Let me try once. So you can see that cloning has been done. Perhaps I made a spelling or grammatical error somewhere. All right, now I can go to this folder, and you will see that we have so many programmes that are there for our reference. Now, say, for example, I want to run any of these programs. You can even go and check. So this is for API-related Python programmes, and I can go and check the others as well. So, for example, what login is required? Do I have to set some environment variable? Or do I have to go and manually input the login and the username? So at the moment, you can see that I can go and run this Python program. This is actually the Python program. So I can go and run the SDN PY, and a few of the things will be missing. So don't worry, you will see in the upcoming section how you can actually go and install these models. While doing the installation, you'll see that there is a requirements file as well. Correct? So, first and foremost, you should go check this requirement file. Now here, you can see that at the moment, we are running this programme in a Python library. It's not in the virtual library. If you want to utilise the virtual one, what you can do is step number 42, which we have done. But as you can see, these are the requirements. Python three, six, and virtual environment Activate it, and then whatever requirements are there, we should go and run this. So, before running this code, I just wanted to show you what requirements there are that you want to install. So, these are the packages and these are the libraries you want to install that will help this particular programme execute properly. So we're putting together the virtual environment, and then it's going to install all the required files. Correct. So let it be completed. Now, in some of the places, you can see that we have errors. Now, for those codes, what we can do is go and search it, and you will get the proper direction to install these particular packages. Correct. Again, if I go and run my Python code, that is Python 3, SD 1, dot PY. If it's not there, then we can go and run. So now you can see clearly that we are in the virtual environment, and we can go and run the program. Okay, so we have the error in a few places. We'll correct these errors in the upcoming section. The target for this particular session was justto tell you that you can run executeyour programme in the virtual environments. Still, if you want to check any of these small programmes, I can show you, say, for example, nano hello, dot PY, and then you can go and print hello. Correct. And you can run the Python three-hello view. and here you can see the output. Okay, so let's just stop here. We'll continue the lapse in the upcoming section, where we have to go deep inside this, and then we have to execute the lapse again. If you go and check this lever, you'll find that we have 20% voltage for SDWAN programming. So better when we start. The SDWAN module's SDWAN section will perform these lapses.

16. 1.6 Explain Benefits of Ansible & Puppet

Now we reach one dot six, where we need to understand the benefits of Ansible and Puppet to do the automation related to iOS Xi or even any type of operating system that Cisco has. Not only the Cisco operating system, but non-Cisco operating systems like Juniper and other vendors are also well supported via Ansible. So let's understand first of all that what isthe importance, what is the use cases we haveand why exactly we are looking for Ansible ormaybe perpet to do the automation for our managementrelated task inside the enterprise infrastructure. So we have different types of tools. Examples include puppet, anciville, ChefSalt Stack, and others. These are the top most or the popular one. So we have a puppet and a chef. They are ansible-based agent-based tools. Is agentless. Now, what does it mean by agent based and agentless isthat you have to install the agent or you have toinstall a small piece of software to all the devices towhom you want to monitor via these tools. That is not the case with Ansible. Ansible can run in the control system, in the controller, in the automation tool that we have, and then it can push the configuration or send the configuration, whether it's related to configuring the devices or getting information about the devices for various networking devices. Now the next question is that why weare using this, why we are doing this? The answer is to think about the operational case. Assume you need to create VLANs or IP addresses, or perform any type of failover testing, and you have n branches. Now, in that case, if you are doing it manually and thisfailover test we have to do say for example every month, twiceif you do it manually and from long long time we aredoing it manually, it is okay, we can do it. But it's time consuming.It is repetitive, and it may be error-prone if you make some sort of typing mistake, but these types of things can be done with the help of a programme within a few minutes. even within a few seconds as well. Depending on the task at hand and how long it takes for the programmes to load, compile, and then execute. Only that will take. So we have different types of tools that we are going to use to manage the infrastructure. Again, here we have to discuss Puppet and Ansible. But there are so many tools that can be used to manage the tools. You can see this Python going on and on because Python also works with Ansible. So that's a prerequisite. So you should have the Python module in your system to run the ansible.Okay, now we're on our way to becoming a net DevOps engineer. So we are doing the networking, and we should learn the DevOps skills as well to manage and operate our infrastructure. Again, the same repetitive things I have added here. Just for our sake, if you're doing automation, we can avoid repeated tasks, any type of error, faster deployment, and identical configuration. It's easy to reuse the code. What are the tools we have? We have SIF, we have SolidStrack, we have Puppet again, and there are some others as well. What is ansible? It's open source. but now Linux has acquired that. I think the modules are open. Anyone can install this, and you can use it. not a big deal. Even in my automation system and in my lab also, I have the answer. I can run and exclude the programme it needs. Python simply isn't a list; it is a push model. How it is using. Here, you can see the comparison. When we have the puppet master, we have the SSL connection and then the puppet agent. In between those, we are running the puppet. However, because this is an agentless over SSL transport, we can manage the devices, all the codes, and everything will be loaded and executed at the controller node. And then it will go and push the configuration to the managed nodes. other terms we should understand. You should be familiar with YAML, the Ninja Playbook task role, host facts, gathering, Fats, and so on. These are the terms. When you do the program, you'll find that this YAML programme will start with three dashes. And then here, you can see how easily we can read this programme and what this programme will do. So in this program, the host is an iOS router. We are gathering the facts. No connection is local. And what is the task to save the configuration, and how are we saving the configuration? As a result, this command will log into all of the devices listed within the Ansible host. And then it will be right. The memory means it will save the configuration again. We should have the list of hosts where we are pushing or getting the configuration. So we should have the inventory. And once you run it and exclude this programme with respect to inventory, it will give you the desired result. Let me quickly demonstrate one of the programmes in my automation tool and my topology. You can see that it is connected here. Let me scroll down. So you have one CSI device that is connected with my automation tool in this network. And I should ping the myCSI device before doing any configuration. Now I just wanted to show you what configuration I have on iOS YML. It's just the programme name. The working one is the site YML. You can see what this programme will do. It will go and check the version on this particular device, correct? And let me check if I have other programmes as well as CATIUS. YML, this will go and do shortenagain, you can see the format. Here you can see the host list. So it's very easy to read, and it's very easy to execute as well. All right, so let's just talk.

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